Climate governance is a crucial issue, at the intersection of international policies and local actions. Initiated at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992, it guides the development of strategies to effectively combat global warming. The ambition is to create frameworks for global cooperation, where each country contributes according to its capabilities and responsibilities. The Paris Agreement, signed at COP 21, represents a major milestone, encouraging the limitation of global warming to between 1.5°C and 2°C by 2100. This approach includes cross-cutting initiatives involving multiple actors and notably requires the implementation of new policies that resonate with science, citizens, and governments.

Glossary: Understanding Climate Governance

Climate Governance: Climate governance refers to the set of mechanisms, procedures, and rules determined at the global level to coordinate and structure the efforts of each nation in the fight against climate change. This concept was notably crystallized with the adoption of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992.

UNFCCC: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international treaty adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992. It aims to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere to prevent dangerous disruption of the climate system. This framework laid the foundation for international climate negotiations, known as COP (Conferences of the Parties).

COP (Conference of the Parties): These annual conferences bring together the signatory countries of the UNFCCC to discuss and negotiate the actions to be taken against global warming. COP 21, held in Paris in 2015, is one of the most emblematic with the Paris Agreement, aiming to limit the increase in global temperature to between 1.5°C and 2°C by 2100.

Paris Agreement: This agreement, finalized at COP 21, is a legally binding international treaty in which countries commit to limit global temperature rise and enhance resilience to the impacts of climate change. It marks a significant step in global climate governance, requiring unprecedented global mobilization.

Differentiated Responsibilities: One of the central axes of global climate governance is the question of shared but differentiated responsibilities. This implies that the responsibilities of countries in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions are based on their levels of development and their historical contributions to the problem.

Universal Participation Mechanism: This aspect concerns how global coordination can be made both effective and fair, encouraging the participation of all countries, large and small, while respecting their specific capacities and circumstances.

Climate Challenges: Climate change poses immense management challenges that transcend national borders. Among these challenges is the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase the use of renewable energy, and strengthen the adaptation and resilience of infrastructure to inevitable climate impacts.

Actors and Institutions: Various actors, from national governments to non-governmental organizations (NGOs), including businesses and citizens, play a crucial role in implementing climate governance. Key institutions include the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which provides the necessary scientific assessments to inform decision-making.

Initiatives and Innovations: Technological advancements in the field of renewable energy and the digitization of electrical grids, such as that promoted by E-Distribuzione with its investment of 250 million euros (source), are essential for considering a sustainable energy transition. Furthermore, the contributions of scholars like Istakhri (source) highlight the historical and contemporary importance of integrating scientific knowledge into our practices.

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